Introduction
Icherisheher, also known as the Old City of Baku, is one of the most prominent examples of historic urban planning in the Caucasus region and the first cultural site from the Republic of Azerbaijan to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Enclosed by fortified stone walls, this compact urban ensemble reflects medieval life and showcases the architectural legacy of Islamic and Caucasian traditions.
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Location and Historical Background
Situated at the heart of Azerbaijan’s capital, Baku, Icherisheher dates back over a thousand years. Throughout its history, it served as a political, economic, and cultural center of the region. The site preserves architectural landmarks from various periods, most notably the era of the Shirvanshah dynasty.
In 2000, Icherisheher—along with the Maiden Tower and the Palace of the Shirvanshahs—was officially recognized by UNESCO for its outstanding historical, architectural, and cultural value. This designation marked a significant milestone in the international recognition of Azerbaijan’s tangible heritage.
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Architectural and Cultural Features
Covering approximately 22 hectares, Icherisheher includes a rich collection of historic structures:
Maiden Tower: A cylindrical stone monument shrouded in mystery, considered a symbol of Baku.
Palace of the Shirvanshahs: A royal complex featuring halls, mausoleums, a bathhouse, and a mosque from the 15th century.
Caravanserais: Traditional inns that once hosted traveling merchants and caravans.
Public Baths: Designed for communal use and cultural rituals, reflecting traditional urban life.
Residential Houses: Brick homes with lattice windows, many of which are still inhabited by local residents.
Icherisheher remains a living city—where heritage coexists with daily life, and artisans, residents, and visitors contribute to its vibrant cultural atmosphere.
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UNESCO World Heritage Status
The inscription of Icherisheher on the UNESCO World Heritage List was not only a protective measure but also a declaration of Azerbaijan’s cultural identity on the global stage. The site exemplifies the interaction between humans and their environment, traditional craftsmanship, and the continuity of urban culture.
UNESCO’s evaluation highlighted the site’s urban coherence, architectural diversity, and historical significance in the development of the Caucasus region. Icherisheher stands as a rare example of Islamic city planning adapted to local geography and social needs.
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Cultural and Tourism Significance
Today, Icherisheher is one of Azerbaijan’s most visited cultural destinations. With its preserved residential, commercial, and cultural functions, the site successfully balances heritage conservation with contemporary urban life.
Cultural events, art exhibitions, and tourism activities held within the Old City contribute to the promotion of Azerbaijan’s national identity and attract both domestic and international visitors.
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Conclusion
As the Republic of Azerbaijan’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site, Icherisheher represents a remarkable fusion of history, architecture, and cultural resilience. It serves not only as a guardian of the nation’s past but also as a bridge to its future—offering a space for cultural exchange, scholarly research, and sustainable tourism.
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Website: www.ecieco.org
ECO Cultural Institute – Tehran, IRAN