Introduction
Itchan Kala, the walled inner city of Khiva in the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan, stands as one of the most intact examples of Persian–Islamic architecture in Central Asia. Reflecting centuries of cultural, political, and artistic development, it represents a living testimony to the region’s shared heritage. In 1990, Itchan Kala became the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its outstanding universal value.
Historical and Architectural Significance
Encircled by towering mudbrick walls, Itchan Kala covers approximately 26 hectares and includes over 50 historic monuments and more than 250 traditional houses—mainly from the 18th and 19th centuries. Historically, Khiva was the last major stop for caravans before crossing the desert toward Persia, blending defensive strength with artistic elegance.
Notable landmarks include:
Kalta Minor Minaret – the unfinished yet iconic turquoise-tiled tower
Juma Mosque – with 218 carved wooden columns, some dating back to the 10th century
Tash Khauli Palace – the royal residence adorned with exquisite tilework and courtyards
Madrassahs, caravanserais, and mausoleums – reflecting Khiva’s vital role along the Silk Road
Living Heritage
Itchan Kala is not a frozen museum—it is a living city. Residents still inhabit its historic homes, artisans continue their crafts, and cultural traditions remain alive. The coexistence of daily life and preserved architecture makes Itchan Kala a rare example of a historic urban settlement that is both authentic and vibrant.
UNESCO Recognition
UNESCO inscribed Itchan Kala on the World Heritage List in 1990, describing it as “the most intact and well-preserved example of a medieval Central Asian town.” Its urban fabric and enduring vitality demonstrate the continuity of Persian–Islamic culture and architecture across Central Asia, making it a heritage of universal value.
Source: UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Itchan Kala