Inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity – 2017
Introduction
Kok-Boru, also known as Ulak Tartysh, is one of the most dynamic and culturally significant equestrian games in Central Asia. It was officially inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2017, during the 12th session of the Intergovernmental Committee (12.COM) held in Jeju, Republic of Korea.
Historical Roots and Symbolism
Kok-Boru originated from ancient nomadic hunting rituals. Historically, Kyrgyz herders would chase wolves that threatened their livestock, and the act of carrying the carcass back to the village became a symbol of victory and protection. The name “Kok-Boru” translates to “gray wolf,” referencing this ancestral practice.
Over time, this ritual evolved into a competitive game that fostered bravery, physical strength, and group coordination. Horses—central to Kyrgyz life—are not merely tools of transport, but companions in battle, sport, and ceremony.
Game Structure
Teams: Two groups of skilled horseback riders
Object: A goat carcass or synthetic mold (ulak)
Goal: Drop the ulak into the opponent’s goal well (tai kazan)
Field: Open arena with designated zones
Roles:• Players: Professional, semi-professional, and amateur riders
Referees: Experienced former players
Kalystar: Elders who ensure fairness and uphold tradition
Cultural Significance
Kok-Boru is more than a sport—it is a living expression of Kyrgyz identity. It is performed during national holidays, weddings, and international festivals such as the World Nomad Games, attracting global audiences and fostering intercultural dialogue.
The game serves as a platform for intergenerational transmission, where young riders learn from seasoned elders, preserving both technique and cultural values.
Contemporary Adaptations
To ensure ethical standards and safety, modern Kok-Boru tournaments often use synthetic molds instead of real carcasses. The rules have been standardized, allowing for organized competitions across Kyrgyzstan and neighboring countries. Despite these changes, the spirit of the tradition remains intact.
Safeguarding Measures
UNESCO’s recognition has led to increased awareness, educational initiatives, and documentation efforts. Cultural institutions in Kyrgyzstan continue to support training programs, community engagement, and international promotion of Kok-Boru as a symbol of intangible heritage.
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Glossary of Terms
Term Definition
Kok-Boru “Gray wolf”; traditional horseback game of Kyrgyzstan
Ulak Goat carcass or synthetic mold used in the game
Tai Kazan Goal well where the ulak is dropped
Kalystar Elders who oversee fairness and tradition
12.COM 12th session of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Committee (2017)
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References
UNESCO – Kok-Boru
World Nomad Games – Kok-Boru
Journal of Nomads – Kok-Boru