The art of felt making is the oldest and most authentic branch of Kazakh handicrafts, rooted in the practical needs of nomadic life on the vast steppes. Felt (Kiyiz) served as an excellent insulator against the harsh winter cold. This material was used for covering the yurt (traditional tent), making thick clothing, and various types of bedding.
The felt production process, mainly carried out using the traditional wet felting method, involves washing, dyeing with natural colors, and then rubbing and compressing the wool so that the fibers are completely intertwined.
Kazakh felt handicrafts fall into several distinct categories: "Syrmaq" is the most beautiful type of decorative felt, produced using the appliqué or felt mosaic technique; in this method, colored felt patterns are cut and sewn onto a contrasting base, creating raised motifs and a striking visual contrast. Another type, "Tekemet," is a more durable felt whose patterns are permanently fixed by arranging colored wool during the felting process. Furthermore, "Tuskiyiz" are large rectangular wall hangings crafted with delicate embroidery techniques using silk and colored threads to adorn the yurt walls, and "Baskur" are wide woven or felt bands used to connect and reinforce the yurt's wooden structure. The most common motifs in Kazakh felt art include the Koshkar Muiz (ram's horn), Qus Qanaty (bird's wing), wavy patterns, and geometric designs. These handicrafts not only demonstrate the artistic skill of the Kazakh people but also reflect their history and unbreakable connection to nature and life on the steppes.
It is worth noting that the art of felt making is part of the shared heritage of the Turkic and nomadic nations of Central Asia, and similar products with different local names and styles are also produced in countries like Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. However, Kazakh felt art is rich in profound symbolism that is specifically inspired by the nomadic worldview.
Today, felt making transcends practical necessity and is recognized as the main cultural heritage of Kazakhstan. Extensive efforts have been made to preserve this traditional knowledge and pass it on to new generations. Felt making has found its place in modern interior design and fashion, playing an active and dynamic role in the contemporary art scene of Kazakhstan.